John Holland identified properties and mechanisms common to all Complex Adaptive Systems (CAS):
— John Holland
Properties:
1. aggregation (of components)
2. nonlinearity (no linear extrapolation)
3. flows (transfer of resources/info)
4. diversity of agents (robustness)
Mechanisms:
1. tagging (agent recognition)
2. internal model (agents reason about world)
3. building blocks (many levels of components )
I thought these results had already been discovered in a previous study, but no matter, you can never shout this out loudly enough: sleep patterns differ genetically, so all you early birds out there, leave us night owls alone in the morning (this means up to about lunch time in early-bird-speak 
ScienceDaily: Individual Differences In Sleep Structure Are Biologically Determined
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